CAR-T cell therapies
CAR-T is the short name for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Immunotherapy. To put it simply, CAR-T is to transform the patient's immune T cells in vitro to make them recognize the antigens on the surface of tumor cells, and then transfer these cells back to the patient to achieve the therapeutic effect of identifying and killing cancer cells.
In 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved two CAR-T cell therapies for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. Since T cells can be transformed to identify and kill cancer cells, can CAR-T technology be used to transform T cells to kill other cells, for example, cells infected with HIV?
On October 25, 2019, the international academic journal Cell published the latest research which developed a new type of CAR-T called convertibleCAR-T. This new version of CAR-T shows great hope in combating HIV and can greatly reduce its continued existence under antiretroviral therapy HIV reservoir in patients.
The research team has been testing anti-HIV antibodies in the laboratory, that is, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAb). The researchers combined bNAb with convertibleCAR cells to obtain the required lethality. The experimental results are amazing: after combining convertibleCAR cells with Mic-bNAbs, they specifically killed CD4 T cells infected with HIV, but not uninfected cells.
In addition, it can kill CD4 T cells infected with multiple virus strains. When combined with Mic-bNAb and MicAbody (MicAbody is comprised of full-length broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies coupled to a mutated ligand) targeting cancer cells, convertibleCAR cells can effectively kill cancer cells and HIV-infected cells mixed in the same culture. After 48 hours, ConvertibleCAR/Mic-bNAb had cleared more than half of the activated, HIV-expressing cells.
But before this new technology enters the clinic phase, there are still many obstacles. For example, ConvertibleCAR cells produced in the laboratory may trigger rejection reactions. Therefore, it is necessary to explore universal donor cells and use genetic modification to eliminate such possible rejection reactions.